Cavity nester papers Yellow warbler papers Research Publications Home
(this list is by no means complete)
THE CLASSICS
CHAPMAN, L. B. 1935. Studies of a tree swallow colony. Bird Banding 6:45-57.
KUERZI, R. G. 1941. Life history studies of the tree swallow. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 52-53:1-52.
EARLY WORK
DE STEVEN, D. 1978. The influence of age on the breeding biology of the tree swallow Iridoprocne bicolor. Ibis 12:516-523.
DE STEVEN, D. 1980. Clutch size, breeding success, and parental survival in the tree swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). Evolution 34:278-291.
ZACH, R. 1982. Hatching asynchrony, egg size, growth, and fledging in tree swallows. Auk 99:695-700.
HUSSELL, D. J. T. 1983. Age and plumage color in female tree swallows. Journal of Field Ornithology 54:312-318.
HUSSELL, D. J. T. 1983. Tree swallow pairs raise two broods in a season. Wilson Bulletin 95:470-471.
QUINNEY, T. E. 1983. Tree swallows cross a polygyny threshold. Auk 100:751-754.
1985
COHEN, R. R. 1985. Capturing breeding male tree swallows with feathers. N. Am. Bird. Bander 10:18-21. HUSSELL, D. J. T., AND T. E. QUINNEY. 1987. Food abundance and clutch size of tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor. Ibis 129:243-258.
LEFFELAAR, D., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1985. Nest usurpation and female competition for breeding opportunities by tree swallows. Wilson Bulletin 97:221-224
Muldal, A, Gibbs, Hl, Robertson, RJ 1985. Preferred nest spacing of an obligate cavity-nesting bird, the tree swallow. Condor .87: 356-363
STUTCHBURY, B. J., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1985. Floating populations of female tree swallows. Auk 102:651-654.
1986
LOMBARDO, M. P. 1986. A possible case of adult intraspecific killing in the tree swallow. Condor 88:112.
Lombardo, MP. 1986. Attendants at tree swallow nests .1. Are attendants helpers at the nest. Condor 88: 297-303.
Lombardo, MP. 1986. Extrapair copulations in the tree swallow. Wilson Bulletin 98: 150-152.
QUINNEY, T. E., D. J. T. HUSSELL, AND C. D. ANKNEY. 1986. Sources of variation in growth of tree swallows. Auk 103:389-400.
Zach, R, Mayoh, KR. 1986. Gamma-irradiation of tree swallow embryos and subsequent growth and survival. Condor 88: 1-10.
1987
Lombardo, MP. 1987. Attendants at tree swallow nests .2. The exploratory-dispersal hypothesis. Condor 89: 138-149.
Lombardo, MP. 1987. Attendants at tree swallow nests .3. Parental responses to live and stuffed-model attendants. Condor 89: 768-778.
STUTCHBURY, B. J., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1987. Signaling subordinate and female status: two hypotheses for the adaptive significance of subadult plumage in female tree swallows. Auk 104:717-723.
1988
Hussell, DJT. 1988. Supply and demand in tree swallow broods - a model of parent-offspring food-provisioning interactions in birds. American Naturalist 131: 175-202.
LOMBARDO, M. P. 1988. Evidence of intraspecific brood parasitism in the tree swallow. Wilson Bulletin 100:126-128.
ROBERTSON, R. J., AND B. J. STUTCHBURY. 1988. Experimental evidence for sexually selected infanticide in tree swallows. Animal Behaviour 36:749-753.
1989
Wiggins, DA. 1989. Heritability of body size in cross-fostered tree swallow broods. Evolution 43: 1808-1811.
Lombardo, MP. 1989. More on the effect of the timing of banding on female tree swallow nest site-tenacity. Journal of Field Ornithology 60: 68-72.
1990
Lombardo, MP. 1990. Tree swallows and tit-for-tat - response. Ethology and Sociobiology 11: 521-528.
Morrill, SB, Robertson, RJ. 1990. Occurrence of extra-pair copulation in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 26: 291-296.
Rendell, WB, Robertson, RJ. 1990. Influence of forest edge on nest-site selection by tree swallows. Wilson Bulletin 102: 634-644.
Robertson, RJ, Rendell, WB. 1990. A comparison of the breeding ecology of a secondary cavity nesting bird, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), in nest boxes and natural cavities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 1046-1052.
STUTCHBURY, B. J., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1990. Do tree swallows use nest cavities as night roosts during territory establishment? Journal of Field Ornithology 61:26-33.
Stutchbury, BJ, Rohwer, S. 1990. Molt patterns in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 1468-1472.
Wiggins, DA. 1990. Brewers blackbird parasitizes tree swallow. Wilson Bulletin 102: 182-182.
1991
Blancher, PJ, McNicol, DK. 1991. Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 2629-2637.
Lombardo, MP. 1991. Sexual differences in parental effort during the nestling period in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Auk 108: 393-404.
CHEK, A. A., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1991. Infanticide in female tree swallows: a role for sexual selection. Condor 93:454-457.
ROBERTSON, R. 1991. Infanticide or adoption by replacement males: the influence of female behaviour. Congresus Internationalis Ornithologici 20:974-983.
Stutchbury, BJ. 1991. Floater behavior and territory acquisition in male purple martins. Animal Behaviour 42: 435-443.
Venier, LA, Robertson, RJ. 1991. Copulation behavior of the tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor - paternity assurance in the presence of sperm competition. Animal Behaviour 42: 939-948.
WHEELWRIGHT, N. T., J. LEARY, AND C. FITZGERALD. 1991. The cost of reproduction in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2540-2547.
Wiggins, DA. 1991. Natural-selection on body size and laying date in the tree swallow. Evolution 45: 1169-1174.
1992
Redondo, T, Castro, F. 1992. The increase in risk of predation with begging activity in broods of magpies pica-pica. Ibis 134: 180-187.
Rendell, WB. 1992. Peculiar behavior of a subadult female tree swallow. Wilson Bulletin 104: 756-759.
Roby, DD, Brink, KL, Wittmann, K. 1992. Effects of bird blowfly parasitism on eastern bluebird and tree swallow nestlings. Wilson Bulletin 104: 630-643.
WHITTINGHAM, L. A., P. O. DUNN, AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1993. Confidence of paternity and male parental care: an experimental study in tree swallows. Animal Behaviour 46:139-147.
Winkler, DW. 1992. Causes and consequences of variation in parental defense behavior by tree swallows. Condor 94: 502-520.
ZACH, R., AND K. R. MAYOH. 1992. Weight and feather growth in nestling tree swallows. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:1080-1090.
1993
Ankley, GT, Niemi, GJ, Lodge, KB, Harris, HJ, Beaver, DL, Tillitt, DE, Schwartz, TR, Giesy, JP, Jones, PD, Hagley, C. 1993. Uptake of planar polychlorinated-biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower fox river and green bay, Wisconsin, USA. Archives Of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24: 332-344.
Lee, DS. 1993. Range expansion of the tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (passeriformes, hirundinidae), in the southeastern united-states. Brimleyana 8: 103-113.
Mitchell, JS, Robertson, RJ. 1993. Tree swallows cannot be classified as determinate or indeterminate layers. Condor 95: 546-553.
Rendell, WB. 1993. Intraspecific killing observed in tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor. Canadian Field Naturalist 107: 227-228.
StLouis, VL, Breebaart, L, Barlow, JC, Klaverkamp, JF. 1993. Metal accumulation and metallothionein concentrations in tree swallow nestlings near acidified lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12: 1203-1207.
Zach, R, Hawkins, JL, Sheppard, SC. 1993. Effects of ionizing-radiation on breeding swallows at current radiation protection standards. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12: 779-786.
1994
LOZANO, G. A. 1994. Size, condition, and territory ownership in male tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:330-333 (abstract, pdf file).
Rendell, WB, Robertson, RJ. 1994. Defense of extra nest-sites by a cavity-nesting bird, the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor. Ardea 82: 273-285.
Sharman, MY, Robertson, RJ, Ratcliffe, LM. 1994. Vocalizations of the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) during the prelaying period - a structural and contextual analysis. American Midland Naturalist 132: 264-274.
Stutchbury, BJ. 1994. Competition for winter territories in a neotropical migrant - the role of age, sex and color. Auk 111: 63-69.
Wheelwright, NT, Shultz, CB. 1994. Age and reproduction in savanna sparrows and tree swallows. Journal of Animal Ecology 63: 686-702.
1995
Bishop, CA, Koster, MD, Chek, AA, Hussell, DJT, Jock, K. 1995. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius-phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the great-lakes St-Lawrence-river basin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14: 491-501.
LOZANO, G. A., AND P. T. HANDFORD. 1995. A test of an assumption of delayed plumage maturation hypotheses using female tree swallows. Wilson Bulletin 107:153-164 (abstract, pdf file).
1996
Leech, SM, Leonard, ML. 1996. Is there an energetic cost to begging in nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)?. Proceedings Of The Royal Society Of London Series B 263: 983-987.
Lombardo, MP, Thorpe, PA, Cichewicz, R, Henshaw, M, Millard, C, Steen, C, Zeller, TK. 1996. Communities of cloacal bacteria in Tree Swallow families. Condor 98: 167-172.
Rendell, WB, Verbeek, NAM. 1996. Are avian ectoparasites more numerous in nest boxes with old nest material?. Canadian Journal of Zoology . 74: 1819-1825.
Winkler, DW, Allen, PE. 1996. The seasonal decline in tree swallow clutch size: Physiological constraint or strategic adjustment?. Ecology 77: 922-932.
1997
Holt, RF, Martin, K. 1997. Landscape modification and patch selection: The demography of two secondary cavity nesters colonizing clearcuts. Auk . 114: 443-455.
Leech, SM, Leonard, ML. 1997. Begging and the risk of predation in nestling birds. Behavioural Ecology. 8: 644-646.
Leonard, ML, Fernandez, N, Brown, G. 1997. Parental calls and nestling behavior in tree swallows. Auk . 114: 668-672.
LEONARD, M. L., A. G. HORN, C. R. BROWN, AND N. J. FERNANDEZ. 1997. Parent-offspring recognition in tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor. Animal Behaviour 54:1107-1116.
McCARTY, J. P. 1997. Aquatic community characteristics influence the foraging patterns of tree swallows. Condor 99:210-213.
Rooneem, TM, Robertson, RJ. 1997. The potential to lay replacement clutches by Tree Swallows. Condor . 99: 228-231.
1998
BARBER, C. A., R. J. ROBERTSON, AND P. T. BOAG. 1998. Experimental mate replacement does not increase extra-pair paternity in tree swallows. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 265:2187-2190.
Bishop, CA, Mahony, NA, Trudeau, S, Pettit, KE. 1999. Reproductive success and biochemical effects in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in wetlands of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin, USA and Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 263-271.
Bishop, CA, Boermans, HJ, Ng, P, Campbell, GD, Struger, J. 1998. Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. I. Immunological parameters. Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health-Part A 2555: 531-559 9.
Bishop, CA, Van Der Kraak, GJ, Ng, P, Smits, JEG, Hontela, A. 1998. Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sex and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development. Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health-Part A . 2555: 561-581.
BURNESS, G. P., R. C. YDENBERG, AND P. W. HOCHACHKA. 1998. Interindividual variability in body composition and resting oxygen consumption in breeding tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Physiological Zoology 71:247-256.
Froese, KL, Verbrugge, DA, Ankley, GT, Niemi, GJ, Larsen, CP, Giesy, JP. 1998. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments to aquatic insects and tree swallow eggs and nestlings in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 17: 484-492.
KEMPENAERS, B., R. B. LANCONT, AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1998. Certainty of paternity and parental investment in eastern bluebirds and tree swallows. Animal Behaviour 55:845-860.
LEONARD, M. L., AND A. G. HORN. 1998. Need and nestmates affect begging in tree swallows. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42:431-436.
LOMBARDO, M. P. 1998. On the evolution of sexually transmitted diseases in birds. Journal of Avian Biology 29: 314-321.
Lombardo, MP, Thorpe, PA, Power, HW. 1999. The beneficial sexually transmitted microbe hypothesis of avian copulation. Behavioural Ecology. 10: 333-337.
McCarty, JP, Winkler, DW. 1999. Foraging ecology and diet selectivity of tree swallows feeding nestlings. Condor 101: 246-254.
Phillips, RA, Furness, RW. 1998 Measurement of heritability of hatching date and chick condition in parasitic jaegers. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 2290-2294.
Wayland, M, Trudeau, S, Marchant, T, Parker, D, Hobson, KA. 1998. The effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on an insectivorous bird, the tree swallow. Ecotoxicology. 7: 237-251.
1999
BARBER, C. A., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1999. Floater males engage in extra-pair copulations with resident female tree swallows. Auk 116:264-269.
Bishop, CA, Collins, B, Mineau, P, Burgess, NM, Read, WF, Risley, C. 2000. Reproduction of cavity-nesting birds in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in southern Ontario, Canada, 1988-1994. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 588-599.
Dawson, RD, Whitworth, TL, Bortolotti, GR. 1999. Bird Blow Flies, Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in cavity nests of birds in the boreal forest of Saskatchewan. Canadian Field Naturalist 113: 503-506.
Hermanson, JW, Winkler, DW. 1999. Developmental tempo and pattern in Tree Swallow flight muscle.. American Zoologist 39: 83A-83A.
Hovorka, MD, Robertson, RJ. 2000. Food stress, nestling growth, and fluctuating asymmetry. Canadian Journal of Zoology . 78: 28-35.
McCARTY, J. P., AND A. L. SECORD. 1999. Nest-building behavior in PCB-contaminated tree swallows. Auk 116:55-63.
McCARTY, J. P., AND D. W. WINKLER. 1999. Foraging ecology and diet selectivity of tree swallows feeding nestlings. Condor 101:246-254.
McCARTY, J. P., AND D. W. WINKLER. 1999. Relative importance of environmental variables in determining the growth of nestling tree swallows. Ibis 141:286-296.
Moore, OR, Stutchbury, BJM, Quinn, JS. 1999. Extrapair mating system of an asynchronously breeding tropical songbird: The Mangrove Swallow. Auk . 116: 1039-1046.
Secord, AL, McCarty, JP, Echols, KR, Meadows, JC, Gale, RW, Tillitt, DE. 1999. Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tree swallows from the upper Hudson River, New York State, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 2519-2525.
STEWART, L. M., AND R. J. ROBERTSON. 1999. The role of cavity size in the evolution of clutch size in tree swallows. Auk 116:553-556.
2000
Bishop, CA, Ng, P, Mineau, P, Quinn, JS, Struger, J. 2000. Effects of pesticide spraying on chick growth, behavior, and parental care in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in an apple orchard in Ontario, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 2286-2297.
Burness, GP, McClelland, GB, Wardrop, SL, Hochachka, PW. 2000. Effect of brood size manipulation on offspring physiology: An experiment with passerine birds. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 3513-3520.
Harris, ML, Elliott, JE. 2000. Reproductive success and chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along rivers receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges. Environmental Pollution110: 307-320.
Johnson, ME, Lombardo, MP. 2000. Nestling tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) diets in an upland old field in western Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 144: 216-219.
Lariviere, S, Lepage, M. 2000. Effect of a water-level increase on use by birds of a lakeshore fen in Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist 114: 694-696.
Lombardo, MP, Thorpe, PA. 2000. Microbes in tree swallow semen. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 460-468.
Mallory, ML, Rendell, WB, Robertson, RJ. 2000. Responses of birds to broken eggs in their nests. Condor 102: 673-675.
McCARTY, J. P. 2001. Variation in growth of nestling tree swallows across multiple temporal and spatial scales. Auk 118:176-180.
McCARTY, J. P., AND A. L. SECORD. 2000. Possible effects of PCB contamination on female plumage color and reproductive success in Hudson river tree swallows. Auk 117:987-995.
MURPHY, M. T., B. ARMBRECTH, E. VLAMIS, AND A. PIERCE. 2000. Is reproduction in tree swallows cost-free? Auk 117:902-912.
PEER, K., R. J. ROBERTSON, AND B. KEMPENAERS. 2000. Reproductive anatomy and indeces of quality in male tree swallows: the potential reproductive role of floaters. Auk 117:74-81.
.Slagsvold, T, Rohwer, S. 2000. Behavioral domination of food delivery by Tree Swallow nestlings. Wilson Bulletin 112: 278-281.
Smits, JE, Wayland, ME, Miller, MJ, Liber, K, Trudeau, S. 2000. Reproductive, immune, and physiological end points in tree swallows on reclaimed oil sands mine sites. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 2951-2960
2001
Burness, GP, Ydenberg, RC, Hochachka, PW. 2001. Physiological and biochemical correlates of brood size and energy expenditure in tree swallows. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1491-1501.
Conrad, KF, Johnston, PV, Crossman, C, Kempenaers, B, Robertson, RJ, Wheelwright, NT, Boag, T. 2001. High levels of extra-pair paternity in an isolated, low-density, island population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Molecular Ecology 10: 1301-1308.
Custer, TW, Custer, CM, Dickerson, K, Allen, K, Melancon, MJ, Schmidt, LJ. 2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, trace elements, and monooxygenase activity in birds nesting on the North Platte River, Casper, Wyoming, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 624-631.
Gerrard, PM, St Louis, . 2001. The effects of experimental reservoir creation on the bioaccumulation of methylmercury and reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Environmental Science & Technology 35: 1329-1338.
Kempenaers, B, Everding, S, Bishop, C, Boag, P, Robertson, RJ. 2001. Extra-pair paternity and the reproductive role of male floaters in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 49: 251-259.
Leonard, ML, Horn, AG. 2001. Dynamics of calling by tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestmates. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 430-435.
Leonard, ML, Horn, AG. 2001. Begging in the absence of parents by nestling tree swallows. Behavioural Ecology 12: 501-505.
Petersen, AD, Lombardo, MP, Power, HW. 2001. Left-sided directional bias of cloacal contacts during tree swallow copulations. Animal Behaviour 62: 739-741.
Stapleton, M, Dunn, PO, McCarty, J, Secord, A, Whittingham, LA. 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination and minisatellite dna mutation rates of tree swallows. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 2263-2267.
Thomas, K, Shutler, D. 2001. Ectoparasites, nestling growth, parental feeding rates, and begging intensity of tree swallows. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 346-353.
Wayland, M, Hobson, KA. 2001. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios in riparian food webs on rivers receiving sewage and pulp-mill effluents. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 5-15.
Whittingham, LA, Dunn, PO. 2001. Female responses to intraspecific brood parasitism in the Tree Swallow. Condor 103: 166-170
WITTINGHAM, L. A., AND P. O. DUNN. 2001. Survival of extrapair and within-pair young in tree swallows. Behavioral Ecology 12:496-500
2002
Chaplin, SB, Cervenka, ML, Mickelson, AC. 2002. Thermal environment of the nest during development of Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) chicks. Auk 119: 845-851.
Custer, TW, Custer, CM, Hines, RK. 2002. Dioxins and congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls in three avian species from the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin. Environmental Pollution 119: 323-332.
Lawler, JJ, Edwards, TC. 2002. Landscape patterns as habitat predictors: building and testing models for cavity-nesting birds in the Uinta Mountains of Utah, USA. Landscape Ecology 17: 233-245.
Lombardo, MP, Forman, AN, Czarnowski, MR, Thorpe, PA. 2002. Individual, temporal, and seasonal variation in sperm concentration in tree swallows. Condor 104: 803-810.
LOZANO, G. A. AND YDENBERG, R. C. 2002. Transgenerational effects of maternal immune challenge in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 918-925.(abstract, pdf file).
McCarty, JP. 2002. The number of visits to the nest by parents is an accurate measure of food delivered to nestlings in Tree Swallows. Journal of Field Ornithology 73: 9-14.
Whittingham, LA, Schwabl, H. 2002. Maternal testosterone in tree swallow eggs varies with female aggression. Animal Behaviour 63: 63-67.
Whittingham, LA, Slikas, B, Winkler, DW, Sheldon, FH. 2002. Phylogeny of the tree swallow genus, Tachycineta (Aves: Hirundinidae), by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 22: 430-441.
2003
Johnson, LS, Wimmers, LE, Campbell, S, Hamilton, L. 2003. Growth rate, size, and sex ratio of last-laid, last-hatched offspring in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor. Journal of Avian Biology 34: 35-43.
Martinovic, B, Lean, DRS, Bishop, CA, Birmingham, E, Secord, A, Jock, K. 2003. Health of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the St. Lawrence River Basin. Part 1. Renal and hepatic vitamin A concentrations. Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health-Part A 66: 1053-1072.
Shutler, D, Clark, RG. 2003. Causes and consequences of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) dispersal in Saskatchewan. Auk 120: 619-631.
Wardrop, SL, Ydenberg, RC. 2003. Date and parental quality effects in the seasonal decline in reproductive performance of the Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor: interpreting results in light of potential experimental bias. Ibis 145: 439-447.
Whittingham, LA, Dunn, PO, Clotfelter, ED. 2003. Parental allocation of food to nestling tree swallows: the influence of nestling behaviour, sex and paternity. Animal Behaviour 65: 1203-1210.
Cavity nester papers Yellow warbler papers Research Publications Home