TY - JOUR AB - The role of parasitism has, to date, been largely ignored in optimal foraging theory. The mechanisms necessary to allow animals to use their diet to protect themselves from potential or actual parasitism have been observed in various species. The inclusion of the effects of parasitism on diet choice may considerably improve the predictive powers of future optimal foraging models. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.2307/3545084 J2 - Oikos KW - parasitism OFT L1 - internal-pdf://2047007007/Lozano1991Optinal.pdf PY - 1991 SP - 391-395 ST - Optimal foraging theory: a possible role for parasites T2 - Oikos TI - Optimal foraging theory: a possible role for parasites VL - 60 ID - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Onwers were larger and heavier than floaters. Weight differences due to protein content. These differences may be the result of intrasexual conflicts or arrival times. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1139/z94-046 J2 - Can. J. Zool. KW - RHP territoriality tree swallow size condition L1 - internal-pdf://0127943929/Lozano1994Size.pdf PY - 1994 SP - 330-333 ST - Size, condition, and territory ownership in male tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology TI - Size, condition, and territory ownership in male tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) VL - 72 ID - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - beta-carotene has antioxidant and immunostimulant effects that so far have not been considered in the study of sexual selection. A trade-off is expeted between use of carotenoids for health and for displays. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.2307/3545643 J2 - Oikos KW - PMSS carotenoid immunity-be L1 - internal-pdf://3072026032/Lozano1994Carotenoids.pdf PY - 1994 SP - 309-311 ST - Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection T2 - Oikos TI - Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection VL - 70 ID - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AB - DPM hypotheses are based on the assumption that older individuals are competitive superior. Blue and brown females did not differ in their parental abilities, but blue ones were larger and, after accounting for size differences, heavier and in better nutritional condition than brown females. Blue plumage is therefore an honest signal of condition. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Handford, P. T. DO - http://www.jstor.org/stable/4163520 J2 - Wilson Bull. KW - DPM tree swallow L1 - internal-pdf://1217746203/Lozano1995ATest.pdf PY - 1995 SP - 153-164 ST - A test of an assumption of delayed plumage maturation hypotheses using female tree swallows T2 - Wilson Bulletin TI - A test of an assumption of delayed plumage maturation hypotheses using female tree swallows VL - 107 ID - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - If monogamy in birds is maintained because of the need for biparental care, under conditions of high food abundance males should decrease their paternal effert to exploit any existing polygyny potential. Experimental manipulations of food abundance, however, affected only female care. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173898 IS - 1 J2 - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. KW - PC-pass yellow warbler food abundance L1 - internal-pdf://3653271790/Lozano1995Food.pdf PY - 1995 SP - 45-50 ST - Food abundance and parental care in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) T2 - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology TI - Food abundance and parental care in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) VL - 37 ID - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Female choice based on paternal care can only occur if there are features, visible at the time of mating, correlated with paternal care. In males plumage was not correlated with PC. Experimental reductions in paternal care were not compensated by females, and they reduced nestling growth. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0027 J2 - Anim. Behav. KW - PC-pass yellow warbler plumage FMC-birds L1 - internal-pdf://4073208301/Lozano1996Male.pdf PY - 1996 SP - 265-272 ST - Male plumage, paternal care and reproductive success in yellow warblers, Dendroica petechia T2 - Animal Behaviour TI - Male plumage, paternal care and reproductive success in yellow warblers, Dendroica petechia VL - 51 ID - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reproductive success in redstarts is independently affected by age and arrival date. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Perreault, S. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://doi.org/10.2307/3677146 J2 - J. Avian Biol. KW - territoriality redstart RS age arrival L1 - internal-pdf://4147862352/Lozano1996Age.pdf PY - 1996 SP - 164-170 ST - Age, arrival date and reproductive success of male American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla T2 - Journal of Avian Biology TI - Age, arrival date and reproductive success of male American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla VL - 27 ID - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lemon, R. E. AU - Perreault, S. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-254 J2 - Can. J. Zool. L1 - internal-pdf://Lemon1996Breeding-0667511041/Lemon1996Breeding.pdf PY - 1996 SP - 2238-2247 ST - Breeding dispersions and site fidelity of American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology TI - Breeding dispersions and site fidelity of American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) VL - 74 ID - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dugatkin’s (1992, Am. Nat., 139, 1384–1389) work with guppies, Poecilia reticulata, remains the most influential experimental demonstration of this phenomenon. We replicated Dugatkin’s work using several choice criteria to ensure that our results were not dependent upon any single method of judging mate choice. We also tested our findings against two null hypotheses of differing stringency. Irrespective of the choice criteria or null hypothesis used, we did not observe any relationship between female mate choice and copying. We conclude that further experimental evidence of female mate-choice copying is required before the existence of this behaviour can be affirmed. AU - Lafleur, D. L. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Sclafani, M. DO - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0452 J2 - Anim. Behav. KW - Guppy mate choice MCC L1 - internal-pdf://0312093640/LaFleur97FMCC.pdf PY - 1997 SP - 579-586 ST - Female mate choice copying in guppies, Poecilia reticulata: a re-evaluation T2 - Animal Behaviour TI - Female mate choice copying in guppies, Poecilia reticulata: a re-evaluation VL - 54 ID - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Failed to find evidence against the partial compensation model of biparental care, yet I end up arguing against it at the end. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-011 J2 - Can. J. Zool. KW - yellow warbler PC-pass L1 - internal-pdf://2006557041/Lozano1998Parental.pdf PY - 1998 SP - 916-924 ST - Parental care responses by yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) to simultaneous manipulations of food abundance and brood size T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology TI - Parental care responses by yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) to simultaneous manipulations of food abundance and brood size VL - 76 ID - 10 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Møller, A. P. A2 - Milinski, M. A2 - Slater, P. J. B. AB - Parasites present a ubiquitous selective force that has led to the evolution of a vast array of behavioral adaptations. The need to avoid and reduce parasites can affect foraging patterns and diet choice, and conceivably lead to self-medicating behavior. Self-medication can be viewed as a specific case of the more widespread phenomenon of chemical interactions across trophic levels. Despite the many apparently disparate examples suggestive of self-medication, it can take only two functionally distinct forms: preventa-tive, and therapeutic. These two processes require separate mechanisms, and yield different and explicit predictions. By viewing it in a more general framework, self-medication can be studied in terms of common elements, instead of isolated examples. Here self-medication is classified into prophylactic and therapeutic, each type requiring diffrent mechanisms Finding out that baboons indulge in the recreational use of pharmaceuti-cals, or that chimpanzees practice a primitive form of medicine may challen-ge some individuals’ convictions regarding the uniqueness of humans. Und-erstandably, public interest is high, and discussions on self-medication have not been limited to academic media (Bower, 1986; Cowen, 1990; Sears, 1990; Gibbons, 1992; Strier, 1994; Sapolski, 1994). On the other hand, most scientists would probably consider such findings extraordinary, but not necessarily disturbing. Scientific interest, therefore, results from more than a mere fascination with newly discovered behaviors; as noted above, the study of self-medication in wild animals may have implications on a variety of related fields. Although several recent synopses (Wrangham and Goodall, 1989; Newton, 1991; Huffman, 1993; Rodriguez and Wrangham, 1993; Huffman and Wrangham, 1994) have presented the evidence for self-medication as being fairly conclusive, I must conclude that the evidence for therapeutic self-medication in non-humans is still only suggestive. Never-theless, the possibility of prophylactic or therapeutic self-medication in nonhumans remains a fascinating prospect, and is certainly a fertile ground for further innovative research AU - Lozano, G. A. CY - San Diego, CA DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60367-8 J2 - Adv. Stud. Behav. KW - anting Aspilia aversion chemical defense chimpanzee diet choice disease ethnobotany fur rubbing geophagia learning medicine nutrition OFT parasitism primates self-medication sequestration social learning stress Vernonia L1 - internal-pdf://2753340854/Lozano1998ParasiticStress.pdf PB - Academic Press PY - 1998 SE - 6 SP - 291-317 ST - Parasitic stress and self-medication in wild animals T2 - Stress and Behavior T3 - Advances in the Study of Behavior TI - Parasitic stress and self-medication in wild animals VL - 27 ID - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although interspecific brood adoption has been reported in several species of birds, the process by which it occurs has seldom been reported. We observed a pair of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) that adopted a brood of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) and, gradually, over a period of several days, took over the parental duties of the original parents. During the first five days of the nestling period the brood was only attended by Yellow Warblers. In the following three days, however, a pair of Song Sparrows took over an increasingly larger proportion of the parental duties. This adoption probably resulted from misdirected parental care. Although the factors that led to the adoption are unknown, it is clear that the absence of the original parents was not prerequisite AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://www.jstor.org/stable/4163910 J2 - Wilson Bull. L1 - internal-pdf://0028888732/Lozano1998Adoption.pdf PY - 1998 SP - 131-133 ST - Adoption of yellow warbler nestlings by song sparrows T2 - Wilson Bulletin TI - Adoption of yellow warbler nestlings by song sparrows VL - 110 ID - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zuk, M. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1086/420113 IS - 1 J2 - Q. Rev. Biol. L1 - internal-pdf://2164561172/Zuk+Lozano1998QRB.pdf PY - 1998 SP - 87 ST - Book Review: “Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models" (Clayton, D. H. and Moore, J., eds.) T2 - Quarterly Review of Biology TI - Book Review: “Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models" (Clayton, D. H. and Moore, J., eds.) VL - 73 ID - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zuk, M. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1086/420113 J2 - Auk L1 - internal-pdf://1992792457/Zuk&Lozano1998.pdf PY - 1998 SP - 546-547 ST - Book Review: “Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models" (Clayton, D. H. and Moore, J., eds.) T2 - Auk TI - Book Review: “Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models" (Clayton, D. H. and Moore, J., eds.) VL - 115 ID - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1.-The effects fo prior residency differed between the sexes; in females it affected the prospect of breeding, in males only the timing of breeding 2.-As a group or individually, returning males were larger than new arrivals, but among females individuals were larger in consecutive breeding season, but not so as a group. 3.-Results are consistent with the constraint hypothesis, but it is now clear whether these diffs are the result of age itself, or local experience. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lemon, R. E. DO - https://www.jstor.org/stable/4164103 IS - 3 J2 - Wilson Bull. KW - yellow warbler dendroica petechia residency L1 - internal-pdf://1971626111/Lozano1999Effects.pdf PY - 1999 SP - 381-388 ST - Effects of prior residency and age on breeding performance in yellow warblers T2 - Wilson Bulletin TI - Effects of prior residency and age on breeding performance in yellow warblers VL - 111 ID - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Comparing CURRENT sex ratios in national science academies with CURRENT sex ratios of emerging Ph.D.s says nothing about sexual discrimination. Why? A 20 year time lag between the two events. But really. does anyone really think that academia is the only field of human endeavous free of sexism and racism? AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/35002772 IS - 6772 J2 - Nature L1 - internal-pdf://0451202246/Lozano2000Sir.pdf PY - 2000 SP - 825 ST - Letter to the editor T2 - Nature TI - Letter to the editor VL - 403 ID - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Hill refutted with a witty rebuttal. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1086/321313 IS - 2 J2 - Am. Nat. KW - carotenoids sexual selection immunity L1 - internal-pdf://4029679001/Lozano2001Carotenoids.pdf PY - 2001 SP - 200-203 ST - Carotenoids, immunity, and sexual selection: comparing apples and oranges? T2 - American Naturalist TI - Carotenoids, immunity, and sexual selection: comparing apples and oranges? VL - 158 ID - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fact that avian eggs contain antibody of maternal origin is well documented, but only recently has this phenomenon been considered in an ecological context. We used tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) to examine the possibility of transgenerational immunity and its effect on nestling growth and immune development. We measured cell-mediated immunity with a delayed-hypersensitivity assay and antibody-mediated immunity with a hemagglutination test with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). We tested for differences in immunocompetence and growth between nestlings from females who had been exposed to a novel antigen prior to egg laying and nestlings from unexposed females. To determine whether the effect, if any, resulted from something transferred to the eggs prior to egg laying or from subsequent changes in parental behaviour, nestlings were exchanged so that at each nest half the nestlings were from females who had been injected with SRBCs and half were from females who had not been exposed to SRBCs. Finally, brood sizes were independently manipulated to either 4 or 6 nestlings. We failed to detect maternal antibodies in any nestlings, and whether a female was exposed to SRBCs or not had no effect on the growth or cell-mediated immunity of her brood. However, nestlings in smaller broods grew better than nestlings in larger broods, though we did not find the expected differences in cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, within each nest, nestlings whose mothers had been exposed to SRBCs grew better than nestlings whose mothers had not been exposed. These results are contrary to the idea of a simple trade-off in the allocation of resources between parasite protection and reproduction; however, they support the idea that exposure of females to parasites prior to egg laying leads to better nestling growth, and are congruous with the possibility of mithridatic parental care AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Ydenberg, R. C. DO - https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-063 J2 - Can. J. Zool. KW - Tree swallow immunity eggs maternal effects L1 - internal-pdf://3652472830/Lozano2002Transgenerational.pdf PY - 2002 SP - 918-925 ST - Transgenerational effects of maternal immune challenge in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology TI - Transgenerational effects of maternal immune challenge in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) VL - 80 ID - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The immune system is an energetically expensive self-maintenance complex that, given the risks of parasitism, cannot be carelessly compromised. Life-history theory posits that trade-offs between fitness components, such as self-maintenance and reproduction, vary between genders and age classes depending on their expected residual lifetime reproductive success, and seasonally as energetic requirements change. Using ruff (Philomachus pugnax), a bird with two genetically distinct male morphs, we demonstrate here a decrease in male immunocompetence during the breeding season, greater variance in immune response among males than females, immunosenescence in both sexes and male morphs, and a seasonal shift in the age range required to detect senescence. Using a phytohaemagglutinin delayed hypersensitivity assay, we assessed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of males of typical breeding age during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, and of a larger sample that included females and birds of a greater age range during the non-breeding period. CMI was higher for breeding-aged males in May than in November, but the increase was not related to age or male morph. In November, mean CMI did not differ between the sexes, but the variance was higher for males than for females, and there were no differences in mean or variance between the two male morphs. For both sexes and male morphs, CMI was lower for young birds than for birds of typical breeding ages, and it declined again for older birds. In males, senescence was detected in the non-breeding season only when very old birds were included. These results, generally consistent with expectations from life-history theory, indicate that the immune system can be involved in multifarious trade-offs within a yearly cycle and along an individual's lifetime, and that specific predictions about means and variances in immune response should be considered in future immunoecological research. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lank, D. B. DO - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2309 J2 - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B KW - ruff season Age Immunoecology Immunosenescence Life history Philomachus pugnax Ruff L1 - internal-pdf://0529804861/Lozano2003Seasonal.pdf PY - 2003 SP - 1203-1208 ST - Seasonal trade-offs in cell-mediated immunosenescence in ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B TI - Seasonal trade-offs in cell-mediated immunosenescence in ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) VL - 270 ID - 19 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The immune system is costly to operate, so we expect allocation to this function to relate to other indices of overall phenotypic condition. In captive male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax), we examine covariation between three seasonal male characteristics induced by testosterone (neck ‘ruff’, facial wattles, and increases in mass/size) and cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The ruff has two genetically distinct morphs of males, ‘independents’ and ‘satellites’, which differ in mating behaviour, somewhat in body size, and possibly life history strategy. Ruff length and wattle number were significantly correlated with each other and with body size, but unrelated to mass/size. Humoral immunity was weakly correlated with size, but not with secondary male traits, or with cell-mediated immunity. We did not detect differences in humoral immunity between morphs. Cell-mediated immunity was weakly correlated with ruff length, but not with wattle number, size, or mass/size. Cell mediated immunity decreased significantly with age. Controlling for age, independents had higher cell-mediated immunity responses than satellites. The expected relationships between two measures of immune function and other measures of condition were not always present, which suggests we need more data and/or more specific predictions about how the different aspects of immune function relate to each other and to ecological variables. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lank, D. DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/1570756042729555 IS - 4 J2 - Anim. Biol. KW - Multiple ornaments sexual selection sexual interference L1 - internal-pdf://1282344468/Lozano2004Immunocompetence.pdf PY - 2004 SP - 315-329 ST - Immunocompetence and testosterone-induced condition traits in male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) T2 - Animal Biology TI - Immunocompetence and testosterone-induced condition traits in male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) VL - 54 ID - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed by drastic weight loss, a fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and, in women, three consecutive episodes of amenorrhea. It is often associated with a compulsive need for exercise, a bright outlook on life, and a high level of competitiveness. It afflicts primarily young women in higher socioeconomic strata who are highly competitive and otherwise overachievers. There are three adaptive explanations for anorexia nervosa: the reproductive suppression, the fleeing famine and the pseudo-female hypotheses. Here I present a novel hypothesis, the age-related obesity hypothesis. It posits that the otherwise normal tendency by women to seek a youthful appearance can become maladaptive and lead to anorexia nervosa in environments in which thinness becomes the primary indicator of youth, such as in modern industrialized societies. This hypothesis explains the aforementioned associated features of anorexia nervosa, and its increasing prevalence in western societies. The hypothesis generates several testable predictions: (1) Prevalence of anorexia nervosa across societies should be related to the degree to which thinness is an indicator of youth in a population. (2) Conversely, perceptions of the weight-age relationship should differ among populations depending on the prevalence of anorexia nervosa. (3) Anorectic individuals, or those with the propensity to develop the disease, should have a biased perception of the weight-age relationship. (4) Experimental manipulation of individuals’ perception of the weight-age relationship should affect weight concerns, particularly among anorectic or at-risk individuals. Should the hypothesis be supported it might be used to screen at-risk individuals. Furthermore, it would call for more integrative public health programs that take a comprehensive approach encompassing both obesity and anorexia. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.013 J2 - Med. Hypotheses KW - emotions L1 - internal-pdf://0425687409/Lozano2008Obesity.pdf PY - 2008 SP - 933-940 ST - Obesity and sexually selected anorexia nervosa T2 - Medical Hypotheses TI - Obesity and sexually selected anorexia nervosa VL - 71 ID - 21 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Animals use multiple cues when choosing mates, but it is not yet clear why a single signal would not suffice. In this paper, drawing support from predation and “noise” effects on mate choice, marketing economics, and models on sexual signals, a new hypothesis explaining multiple sexual signals is proposed: the sexual interference hypothesis. The hypothesis is based on three well-supported premises: (1) selectivity decreases when mate assessment costs increase, (2) assessment costs increase when the propagation or reception of sexual signals is more difficult, and (3) males not only exploit such circumstances by courting females when choice is more difficult, but actively interfere with females’ preferences by making choice more difficult. The hypothesis argues that additional sexual signals evolve as a way for males to hinder female mate choice by interfering with the propagation and reception of other males’ sexual signals. Females respond by evolving the ability to glean meaningful information from signals despite males’ attempts at obfuscation. In turn, males respond by producing better interference signals and signals that are not so easily blocked. This co-evolutionary process increases the costs of assessment for females and the costs of signal production for males, and leads to a temporary equilibrium of honest advertising via multiple signals. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2008.09.001 J2 - BioSci. Hypotheses L1 - internal-pdf://1993799980/Lozano2009Multiple.pdf PY - 2009 SP - 37-42 ST - Multiple cues in mate selection: the sexual interference hypothesis T2 - BioScience Hypotheses TI - Multiple cues in mate selection: the sexual interference hypothesis VL - 2 ID - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vigil summarizes sex-related differences in emotivity, and presents a psychological model based on the restrictive assumption that responses to stimuli are dichotomous. The model uses for support the concept of intrasexual selection, but ignores intersexual selection. An alternative hypothesis might be that emotivity signals age: maturity in men and youth in women. Integration requires considering all evolutionary biology, not just agreeable concepts. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999015X IS - 5 J2 - Behav. Brain Sci. KW - statistics L1 - internal-pdf://4003736158/Lozano2009TheOther.pdf PY - 2009 SP - 398-399 ST - The other side of the coin: intersexual selection and the expression of emotions to signal youth or maturity T2 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences TI - The other side of the coin: intersexual selection and the expression of emotions to signal youth or maturity VL - 32 ID - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Evolutionary explanations, many of which have appeared on the pages of this journal, are becoming more pervasive and influential in medicine, so it is becoming more important to understand how these types of explanations differ from the proximate approach that is more common in medicine, and how the evolutionary approach can contribute to medicine. Understanding of any biological phenomenon can occur at 4 levels: (1) ontogeny (2) causation, (3) function and (4) evolution. These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and whereas the first two are more common in medical practice, a complete explanation requires all 4 levels of analysis. Two major differences among these approaches are the apparent degree of urgency associated with them, and the extent to which they apply to individuals rather than populations. Criticisms of adaptive explanations often arise from a failure to understand the complementary nature of these 4 types of explanations. Other unwarranted criticisms result from a failure to appreciate that adaptive explanations often apply to populations, not individuals. A third criticism is motivated by the mistaken belief that adaptive explanations somehow justify morally reprehensible behaviours. Finally, evolutionary explanations sometimes face the criticism of “personal incredulity”. Adaptive explanations must be consistent with basic evolutionary concepts and must adhere with the physical reality of the phenomenon. Their value, however, comes not in devising a seemingly rational explanation, but in their predictions. Testable predictions must be explicitly stated and clearly articulated. These predictions must differ from those of arising from other hypotheses and must not only be interesting to evolutionary biologists, but also useful to medical practitioners. Integration of the proximate and the ultimate approach is possible and potentially beneficial to both evolutionists and physicians, but it requires some basic understanding of our differences and a desire to co-operate. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.003 IS - 4 J2 - Med. Hypotheses KW - medicine evolution L1 - internal-pdf://3244442327/Lozano2010Evolutionary.pdf PY - 2010 SP - 746-749 ST - Evolutionary explanations in medicine: how do they differ and how to benefit from them T2 - Medical Hypotheses TI - Evolutionary explanations in medicine: how do they differ and how to benefit from them VL - 71 ID - 24 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24068511 IS - 9 J2 - Curr. Sci. L1 - internal-pdf://0425550312/Lozano2010ANewCriterion.pdf PY - 2010 SP - 1187-1188 ST - A new criterion for allocating research funds: “impact per dollar” T2 - Current Science TI - A new criterion for allocating research funds: “impact per dollar” VL - 99 ID - 25 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Historically, papers have been physically bound to the journal in which they were published but in the electronic age papers are available individually, no longer tied to their respective journals. Hence, papers now can be read and cited based on their own merits, independently of the journal’s physical availability, reputation, or Impact Factor. We compare the strength of the relationship between journals’ Impact Factors and the actual citations received by their respective papers from 1902 to 2009. Throughout most of the 20th century, papers’ citation rates were increasingly linked to their respective journals’ Impact Factors. However, since 1990, the advent of the digital age, the strength of the relation between Impact Factors and paper citations has been decreasing. This began sooner in physics, a field that was quicker to make the transition into the electronic domain. Furthermore, since 1990, the proportion of highly cited papers coming from highly cited journals has been decreasing, and accordingly, the proportion of highly cited papers not coming from highly cited journals has also been increasing. Should this pattern continue, it might bring an end to the use of the Impact Factor as a way to evaluate the quality of journals, papers and researchers. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Larivière, V. AU - Gingras, Y. DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22731 IS - 11 J2 - J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Tech. L1 - internal-pdf://0777229063/Lozano2012TheWeakening.pdf PY - 2012 SP - 2140-2145 ST - The weakening relationship between the impact factor and papers' citations in the digital age T2 - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology TI - The weakening relationship between the impact factor and papers' citations in the digital age VL - 63 ID - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Immunity and resistance to oxidative stress are two mechanistically related aspects of self-maintenance that are usually not studied together in connection to ecological or evolutionary relevant variables. Whereas many studies compare two sexes, here we use Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax(L., 1758)), a species in which males have three alternative reproductive morphs: independents, satellites, and faeders. Previous work suggested that immune function in Ruffs depends on energetic constraints or potential of injuries. Based on their behaviour and life history, the three male morphs and females can be placed on an ordinal scale with independents at one end and females at the other, and these two explanations predict opposite patterns along this continuum. Innate and cell-mediated immunity decreased along this axis from independents to females, supporting a risk-of injury explanation over the energetic constrains hypothesis. No such pattern was evident for oxidative stress or resistance, and no relationship was detected between immunity and oxidative resistance or stress. Hence, during the breeding season immunity reflected the risk of injury, with faeders located in the immunological continuum between females and other male morphs. Species with alternative reproductive strategies provide particularly useful systems in which to address the evolution and ecology behind physiological mechanisms. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Lank, D. B. AU - Addison, B. DO - https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0324 IS - 4 J2 - Can. J. Zool. L1 - internal-pdf://0153316812/Lozano2013Immune.pdf PY - 2013 SP - 212-218 ST - Immune and oxidative stress trade-offs in four classes of ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) with different alternative reproductive strategies T2 - Canadian Journal of Zoology TI - Immune and oxidative stress trade-offs in four classes of ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) with different alternative reproductive strategies VL - 91 ID - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AB - When a group of individuals creates something, credit is usually divided among them. Oddly, that does not apply to scientific papers. The most commonly used measure of the performance of individual researchers is the h-index, which does not correct for multi-authorship. Each author claims full credit for each paper and each ensuing citation. This mismeasure of achievement is fuelling a flagrant increase in multi-authorship. Several alternatives to the h-index have been devised, and one of them, the individual h-index (hI), is logical, intuitive and easily calculated. Correcting for multi-authorship would end gratuitous authorship and allow proper attribution and unbiased comparisons AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24097994 IS - 4 J2 - Curr. Sci. L1 - internal-pdf://3824717696/Lozano2013TheElephant.pdf PY - 2013 SP - 443-445 ST - The elephant in the room: multi-authorship and the assessment of individual researchers T2 - Current Science TI - The elephant in the room: multi-authorship and the assessment of individual researchers VL - 105 ID - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Scientists of many countries in which English is not the primary language routinely use a variety of manuscript preparation, correction or editing services, a practice that is openly endorsed by many journals and scientific institutions. These services vary tremendously in their scope; at one end there is simple proof-reading, and at the other extreme there is in-depth and extensive peer-reviewing, proposal preparation, statistical analyses, re-writing and co-writing. In this paper, the various types of service are reviewed, along with authorship guidelines, and the question is raised of whether the high-end services surpass most guidelines’ criteria for authorship. Three other factors are considered. First, the ease of collaboration possible in the internet era allows multiple iterations between author(s) and the “editing service”, so essentially, papers can be co-written. Second, “editing services” often offer subject-specific experts who comment not only on the language, but interpret and improve scientific content. Third, the trend towards heavily multi-authored papers implies that the threshold necessary to earn authorship is declining. The inevitable conclusion is that at some point the contributions by “editing services” should be deemed sufficient to warrant authorship. Trying to enforce any guidelines would likely be futile, but nevertheless, it might be time to revisit the ethics of using some of the high-end “editing services”. In an increasingly international job market, recognizing this problem might prove progressively more important in authorship disputes, the allocation of research grants, and hiring decisions. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9451-6 IS - 2 J2 - Sci. Eng. Ethics L1 - internal-pdf://3695911967/Lozano2014Ethics.pdf PY - 2014 SP - 363-367 ST - Ethics of using language editing services in an era of digital communication and heavily multi-authored papers T2 - Science and Engineering Ethics TI - Ethics of using language editing services in an era of digital communication and heavily multi-authored papers VL - 20 ID - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Previous work indicates that over the past 20 years, the highest quality work have been published in an increasingly diverse and larger group of journals. In this paper we examine whether this diversification has also affected the handful of elite journals that are traditionally considered to be the best. We examine citation patterns over the past 40 years of 7 long-standing traditionally elite journals and 6 journals that have been increasing in importance over the past 20 years. To be among the top 5% or 1% cited papers, papers now need about twice as many citations as they did 40 years ago. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s elite journals have been publishing a decreasing proportion of these top cited papers. This also applies to the two journals that are typically considered as the top venues and often used as bibliometric indicators of "excellence", Science and Nature. On the other hand, several new and established journals are publishing an increasing proportion of most cited papers. These changes bring new challenges and opportunities for all parties. Journals can enact policies to increase or maintain their relative position in the journal hierarchy. Researchers now have the option to publish in more diverse venues knowing that their work can still reach the same audiences. Finally, evaluators and administrators need to know that although there will always be a certain prestige associated with publishing in "elite" journals, journal hierarchies are in constant flux so inclusion of journals into this group is not permanent. AU - Larivière, V. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Gingras, Y. DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23005 IS - 4 J2 - J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Tech. L1 - internal-pdf://Laviriere+2014-3782126619/Laviriere+2014.pdf PY - 2014 SP - 649-655 ST - Are elite journals declining? T2 - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology TI - Are elite journals declining? VL - 65 ID - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/view/5213 IS - 2 J2 - Ideas Ecol. Evol. L1 - internal-pdf://4010842931/Lozano2014Specificity.pdf PY - 2014 SP - 25-26 ST - Specificity in parasites with multiple hosts: the view from the hosts’ perspective T2 - Ideas in Ecology and Evolution TI - Specificity in parasites with multiple hosts: the view from the hosts’ perspective UR - https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/view/5213 VL - 7 ID - 31 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a state of depression induced by a lack of sufficient sunlight that occurs at high latitudes during the fall and winter. One effect of SAD is that causes people to be more risk-adverse, an effect that should be considered by granting agencies of high latitude countries. Funding agencies often have programmes aimed at high-risk, innovative research. However, the time of the year during which these purposefully high-risk proposals are evaluated usually does not take into consideration the effects of SAD. In high-latitude countries (e.g., Canada, UK, Nordic and Baltic countries), evaluating proposals for high-risk programmes during the late fall might significantly detract from the very purpose of such programmes. At this time of the year, grant evaluators might be in a darkness-induced state of mild depression. As such, evaluators might be more likely to opt for safe investments, more of the same, the well established, which is the antithesis of innovative research. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201400165 IS - 1 J2 - BioEssays L1 - internal-pdf://3200304027/Lozano2015SAD.pdf PY - 2015 SP - 10-11 ST - SAD effects on grantsmanship T2 - BioEssays TI - SAD effects on grantsmanship UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201400165/abstract VL - 37 ID - 32 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Alternative reproductive tactics and strategies (ARTS) refer to polymorphic reproductive behaviours in which in addition to the usual two sexes, there are one or more alternative morphs, usually male, that have evolved the ability to circumvent direct intra-sexual competition. These additional morphs have unique morphological, ecological, developmental, behavioural, life-history, and physiological profiles that shift the balance between self-maintenance, one aspect being immunity, and reproduction. Here, we review the immunoecological work on species with ARTS. We first summarize the evolution, development and maintenance of ARTS. We then review the main immunoecological hypotheses relevant to species with ARTS, dividing them into physiological, life-history, and ecological hypotheses. In context of these hypotheses, we critically review in detail all immunoecological studies we could find on species with ARTS. Several interesting patterns emerge. Generally, progress would be faster if hypotheses and predictions were always explicitly articulated. Oddly, there is a paucity of studies on insects, despite the many benefits that arise from working with insects: larger sample sizes, simple immune systems, and countless forms of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. Of all the hypotheses reviewed, the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and its derivatives have generated the greatest amount of work, but not necessarily the greatest level of understanding. Integration has been a one-way street, with ecologists delving deeper into physiology, seemingly at the cost of ignoring their organisms’ evolutionary history and ecology. One possible useful framework is to divide ecological and evolutionary factors affecting immunity into those that stimulate the immune system, and those that depress it. Finally, the contributions of genomics to ecology are being increasingly recognized, including in species with ARTS, but we must ensure that evolutionary and ecological hypotheses drive the effort. There is no grandeur in the strict reductionist view of life. AU - Lozano, G. A. AU - Ros, A. F. H. DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3248731 L1 - internal-pdf://3328132045/LozanoRos2016.pdf internal-pdf://0532517629/Lozano+Ros2022a.pdf internal-pdf://1795396365/Lozano+Ros2022.pdf N1 - also on BioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/062083 PY - 2022 SP - Article ID 3248731 ST - Immunoecology in species with alternative reproductive tactics and strategies T2 - Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research TI - Immunoecology in species with alternative reproductive tactics and strategies ID - 33 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Can ideas about the regulation of body mass in birds be used to explain the breakdown of regulation associated with obesity and anorexia in humans? There is no evidence to think so. Medicine can always benefit from the application of evolutionary ecology ideas, but we must be prepared to dismiss these ideas when they just do not fit the data AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X16001461 J2 - Behav. Brain Sci. KW - Obesity L1 - internal-pdf://3128501455/Lozano2017Obesity-Refs.pdf PY - 2017 SP - e121 ST - Committed to the insurance hypothesis of obesity T2 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences TI - Committed to the insurance hypothesis of obesity VL - 40 ID - 34 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction.- Obesity is a major threat to global health. When more conventional methods have failed, obesity can be addressed via bariatric surgery. Here we examine the reasons why patients choose bariatric surgery and the behavioral consequences thereafter. Methods.- A qualitative study with a phenomenological design was used to analyze detailed interview responses from recipients of bariatric surgery. Results.- Before surgery, (a) bariatric surgery was chosen for obvious reasons: patients had been overweight, had obesity-related health problems, and had difficulties moving. (b) Information was obtained from medical practitioners and online discussion groups. (c) Fear, anxiety, and apprehension were common. Friends and family were supportive and disapproving. After surgery, (1) many chronic health problems disappeared or eased significantly. (2) Subjects experienced difficulties adjusting with changed food tastes and small portions. (3) Physical activity increased (4) Self-esteem increased but the worry of regaining the weight remained. (5) As before surgery, there were supportive and condemning attitudes by relatives, friends, and society. (6) A desire for further nutritional and psychological counseling after surgery was indicated. (7) Relationships and quality of sex improved in most cases but not always. Single women, particularly, became more active in potential relationships. Discussion.-With a few exceptions, our results agree with the literature, supporting the idea that bariatric surgery leads to extensive physical, psychological, and social changes. Hence, patients ought to be better prepared for these changes, and medical practitioners ought to be aware of the magnitude of the changes this surgery will bring about in their patients' lives. AU - Lozano, L. AU - Põder, T. AU - Lozano, G. A. DO - https://doi.org/10.46889/JSRP.2023.4303 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://0493415676/Lozano2022.pdf internal-pdf://3540948621/Lozano+2023-Bariatirc-JSRP.pdf PY - 2023 SP - 4303 ST - Bariatric surgery: preparations and quality of life consequences T2 - Journal of Surgery Research and Practice TI - Bariatric surgery: preparations and quality of life consequences UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.22283988v1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.29.22283988 VL - 4 ID - 35 ER -